Texts of presentations by Chris Langley, SGR, to Pugwash Ethical Science Group, Imperial College, London, October 2005, and Totton Sixth-Form College, Southampton, November, 2005
 

Scope of the project:

• The situation in the UK during the past 20 years. Comparisons made with other EU countries & the USA. First broad-based study of the UK situation
• Primary focus - research & development but also other areas within SET across public institutions
• Literature-based survey of the military sector involvement with SET - research, teaching and PR. Some interviews & discussions also undertaken. Web material also used
• The military is: government departments, corporations and others!

The focus of the project:

• Histories over the last two decades of the three major players:
  • the universities
  • the military industry
  • the government - various departments
• The socioeconomic backdrop against which these three players interact
• The products of the interplay:
  • partnerships & other collaborations
  • the military presence & its impact on research & funding culture
  • the military agenda & broadly defined security concerns
  • SET & its research landscape

Major questions which the project posed:

• Where in SET is the military sector to be found? Locations described in the Report.
• What role does the military play in the UK & its impact on SET in practical and ethical ways? IPR, openness & lock-in.
• What return does the taxpayer obtain for military funding of R&D? Spin-out and spin-in.
• How well does the military serve security needs? Contrast between narrow power-based version and more inclusive security needs for the world.
• What role does technology serve in security debates?

Military spending on SET R&D - the UK & other countries
The key focus was:

1. Ministry of Defence

The Ministry of Defence uses a major proportion of its R&D budget to find suitable products for its contractors to produce:

• Procurement of weapons & support systems
• 'Advanced technology solutions' & demonstration

2. Other government departments - their military role

3. Military corporations and other players

Non-military spending

1. Science Budget - non military

2. Private - Wellcome & charities

3. Commercial funding

Some of the findings:

The scale of the military machine

• Global military burden is currently US$1trillion.
• In the EU military R&D budgets are largely represented by small number of nations:
  • UK
  • Spain
  • Germany
  • France

In 2000 these 4 countries represented 97% of the total EU countries' defence budget (almost 9 billion Euros)

• The UK spends 30% of all government R&D on military objectives
• In the UK the military industry has a yearly turnover of over £15 billion
• Major national and international military corporations are found in USA, UK & France

The wider picture

• The USA spends more than 50% of its total government R&D budget on military objectives
• The US 2004-9 Defence Plan budget will increase by around $40 billion dollars yearly to well over US$400 billion per year
• Post September 11th vast increase in funding of research into areas of military interest such as bioterrorism, bioengineering, nanotechnology and surveillance - coupled with cuts in fundamental research.
• Homeland security has a weapons-based portfolio
• What the USA does impacts on research process and open nature of science across the world

The military sector and UK SET

• Ministry of Defence puts almost £3 billion into SET R&D per year - contrast with many non-military SET areas
• Military corporations in the UK add a further £100 million into SET R&D
• There are additional non-research funding by the military - corporations plus the MoD, DTI and the FO - education, PR, and image creation
• Military spending in UK is ahead of all areas save health, social services and education. Research areas which do not have military interest are often the orphans
• In the last 3 years new consortia announced comprising universities, military corporations & government departments

The military influence

• Military corporations include the largest commercial enterprises on the planet - Boeing in 2002 had revenues of $54 billion - BAE Systems has yearly sales in 130 countries to the tune of more than £12 billion
• Military funds = weapons-based objectives in context of commercialisation of universities & the research process
• During the last 15 years: military corporations are now in: government, local agencies, universities & lobby via special interest groups
• Military research interests now found across SET especially the physical & engineering sciences

A step back for a whistlestop tour

• Restructuring of Government Defence Research Establishments & post-1990's market forces. The birth of DSTL and QinetiQ
• A very brief history of the commercialisation of UK universities

Government Defence Research Establishments - all change

1993 - MoD creates an Executive Agency Defence Research Agency - DRA

1995 - Defence Research Agency plus a range of Defence Establishments form Defence Evaluation Research Agency (DERA)

DERA

1. DRA - retain former activities

2. DTEO - test and evaluation

3. CBDE - mainly chemical and biological defence

4. Centre for Defence Analysis

1998 - DERA set up Defence Diversification Agency

2001-2003 - DERA becomes DSTL and QinetiQ

Commercialisation & the universities

1970s & 1980s:

• More active management of SET plus growth of science & innovation parks - linking industries with the universities - started with MIT & followed in the UK by Cambridge and Heriot-Watt
• Cuts in the funding of higher education - second wave of science parks

1993 - Realizing our potential - aimed to give a better match between publicly funded strategic research and the needs of industry

1994 - Foresight Panels set up by DTI

1995 - OST moves to DTI from Cabinet Office. Relaunch of the LINK programme

1998 - Council for Science & Technology reborn. The Knowledge-driven economy

2000 - Excellence & opportunity published

Military funding - the New Wave

A consolidation of military funding of SET within universities in consortia:

• Defence & Aerospace Research Partnerships - 6 up & running at present
• Towers of Excellence - currently 5
• Defence Technology Centres - also 4
• A suite of industrial/university 'partnerships' - Rolls Royce UTCs began in 1990s; Manufacturing initiatives - BAE & Boeing
• Staff & student support from the military corporations & the ex-DERA laboratories - QinetiQ - professorships, lectureships, student bursaries, curriculum tools plus public relations
• Joint Grant Scheme - MoD/Research Councils

Defence & Aerospace Research Partnerships - 6 active

• Rolls Royce & BAE major players
• Areas: design; simulation; modelling; materials; data handling
• Universities involved include: Bristol, Cambridge, Cranfield, Glasgow, Imperial, Leicester, Loughborough, Southampton, Surrey, Sussex, Swansea & York
• Funders: MoD, EPSRC, DTI. Total value of DARPS £18 million in 2002-03

Towers of Excellence - 5

• Involves research groups in former DERA laboratories, military corporations & universities. Funders are MoD, QinetiQ & DTI
• Areas of research at sub-system level: guided weapons; radar; synthetic environments; underwater sensors & electro-optic sensors
• Plans for 25 Towers - with research student training
• The Intellectual Property Rights issue not clear - civilian utility?
• Universities currently: Birmingham, Cranfield, Sheffield, Surrey & Imperial College

Defence Technology Centres - 4

• Areas at present covered: Data & Information Fusion; Human Factors Integration; Electromagnetic Remote Sensing; autonomous systems engineering
• Consortia comprise MoD, military corporation and university partner. Funding is 50:50 MoD and industrial partner - £10 million each year for 3 to 5 years
• Student training a key element
• BAE is a major player

The influence of Europe & the USA

• The EU Framework Programme
• NATO Science Programme
• Lobby groups in aerospace - civil & military
• Increasing impetus for EU 'Defence' programme with associated R&D
• US Government funding, especially the Departments of Defense and Energy, in the UK - US$90 million in 2003.

Case studies - the military dimension

• Porton Down and biotechnology
• Weaponisation of space - missile defense
• Nanotechnology in the UK & USA
• Aldermaston & the technological arms race: mini-nukes and the 'non-lethal' devices

Case studies - non-military dimension

• New approaches to broadly defined security
• Land mines & antipersonnel devices
• Poverty & security
• Climate change mitigation & clean energy

Military funding - so what's the problem?

• Security issues transformed in last ten years - whereas current military support drives weapons- based approach
• Lack of public accountability & discussion. Lock-in of military support for new technologies
• The predominance of one or two very powerful corporations throughout the agenda-setting process in SET
• Conflict resolution takes the back seat - arms escalation fuelled by SET expertise
• Intellectual Property Rights issues leavened by secrecy - National Security!
• There is a heavily commercial agenda for science & little room for alternate voices
• Science, engineering and technology have a vital role to play in addressing pressing needs - these are poorly funded in comparison to military objectives:
  • climate change amelioration, clean energy technologies, biodiversity decline, poverty and supply of clean water & proper sanitation - unequal support in the face of the military machine
• Technological imperative sets unreasonable claims in conflict - clean solutions to complex multidimensional issues

What can we do?

• Obtain a copy of the SGR Report or the Executive Summary which has key points & recommendations - then circulate, circulate and circulate again!
• Question where, how and why research programmes are being set up with military funding
• Open up debate and lobby suitable people. We are going to produce an ethical briefing on career choice in those areas that attract military funding - these will be sent to all universities
• Slow process but change can occur - there are examples of change from military to security-based objectives.
• There is a broad-based movement to build an ethical science and this discussion tonight is a step in the right direction

Some good news

• Ordinary people have power - boycotts, demonstrations & pressure on government
• Obtain a copy of the SGR Report or the Executive Summary which has key points & recommendations - read & then circulate!
• Question where, how & why research programmes are being set up with military funding
• Open up debate & lobby. We are going to produce an ethical briefing on career choice in those areas that attract military funding - these will be sent to all universities
• It is often slow, but change can occur - there are examples of change from military to security-based objectives.
• There is a broad-based movement to build an ethical science & this discussion today is part of a growing process